Like any workplace, a theatre or other live performance venue, presents hazards to those working and visiting. A two-part guide to Health and Safety and how it relates to working in the theatre,before we go into the detail, this first part looks at some big picture safety concepts. Next time, we’ll look at the specific safety issues in our own backstage world.

On Stage Lighting regularly gets asked questions relating to ‘Elf N Safety in a theatre environment: What is the law about this? What are the rules on doing that? Is it true I have to wear a harness when working over 2m from the stage floor, on a Tuesday, if there are less than 2 qualified electricians within 50 metres of the work area? That kind of thing.

Now, while these are all valid questions, they often are seeking some kind magic “law” that gives absolute clarity over what and what isn’t acceptable working in a theatre or other venue. Instead of getting bogged down with rules, regulations, codes of practice and other guidelines, let’s just cut to the chase:

If it’s unsafe or unhealthy, it’s not acceptable!

As On Stage Lighting is read in over 120 countries around the world, we’re going to avoid getting too muddled up in different legislation and instead take a good look of the reality of a maintaining a safe working environment in the theatre.

Show business has always had a reasonably good safety record, which is mainly down to the people who work in it, and many areas of the business are really getting to grips with health and safety in the modern world.

It’s everyone’s responsibility to do everything they can to mitigate the risks of working on stage, at crew level this means an awareness of hazards and your duty of care to your colleagues.

I ♥ Health and Safety

I have a confession. As someone who has spent my entire professional career at work on stage (?!) – I love health and safety.

I don’t mean I love clipboards, men with dodgy moustaches and nasal voices going around spouting spurious bits of legislation. I mean, I love being safe at work and knowing that I will be able to come back tomorrow. Being self employed, your biggest workplace fear is injury.

Health and Safety – What’s it all about?

The H and S phrase has, certainly in the UK, become a bit of dirty word. Often used by Jeremy Clarkson and Daily Mail journalists who don’t have to work for a living, health and safety has become synonymous with killjoys, The fun being taken out of children’s playgrounds and the halcyon days of of our youth, when the long summers were spent dying of asbestosis and other work related diseases. When planning of large construction projects, Human Resources factored alarming death rates into their recruitment policy.

The purpose of Health and safety at work legislation is to protect those in the workplace, to defend them against a lack of care on behalf of others such as unscrupulous employers, who would rather get things done quicker or cheaper while putting people in danger. In countries with developed safety legislation, the basic requirement is to be able to demonstrate that you and I did everything we reasonably could to reduce risks.

To create a safe working environment in a theatre obviously has to start with an awareness of what dangers present themselves, with generally or specific to a particular show. In order to understand the risks, those in charge need a plan of how the work is to be carried out.

In the UK, this usually results in two pieces of paperwork – a Method Statement of the work to be carried out, followed by a Risk Assessment of any possible hazards arising. As well as identifying hazards, the Risk Assessment also goes on to detail how this risks can be managed. Reduced as far as is reasonable practicable, in other words.

The other key point about risk assessments and their associated documentation, is that the process does not end with the printing out of a .doc. Risk assessment is a continuing and evolving process over the lifetime of a project.

A lot of questions about health and safety are focused on the details of what people perceive it to be – fall arrest harness, hard hats, hi-vis vests. Here’s some news, these are just the finishing touches to a safe working environment.

Let’s take a look at some of the really big tools of good safety practice, anywhere.

Good Management

Management and a clear structure is the key to safety planning. At the top level, an understanding of the chain of command and competent handling of the flow of information, as well as proper understanding of the risks.

At crew level, clear guidelines of your responsibilities, how and when the work is to be carried out plus and understanding of your place in the hierarchy.

Management doesn’t just mean paperwork and calling instructions, it means providing appropriate supervision for everyone. Crew chiefs, senior techs and other experienced team members provide the supervision for more junior staff.

Good Training

A big phrase in H & S is “adequate training”, a right to be provided with the training and for those working around you to be trained sufficiently for everyone’s well being. The level of training varies with each task, a crane operator will obviously need more training than the most junior crew member, but each needs to be sufficiently trained for their task.

As part of the Risk Assessment process, many measures to reduce risk include using only operatives holding “X” training certs, licenses etc. It’s a way of being able to demonstrate sufficient training. Of course, there are many experienced staff that may well be much better than their certificated juniors – that is sometimes a judgement call for those ultimately responsible and how their Risk Assessment demonstrates training. It comes down to what you feel you can prove about their levels of competence. A certified plant operator that causes an accident doing something unspecified in the training, they have been negligent. If the operator has no certificate/proof of competence, it could be shown that the management failed to ensure they had adequate training.

Anyway, enough about criminal proceedings, we’re here to talk about safety.

Good Scheduling and Separation

Probably the biggest weapon in the health and safety armoury is scheduling. It’s a huge tool to mitigate risk, so simple that there’s not a lot to say about it.

Scheduling activities on stage so that the risks are reduced to those not directly involved, keeping physical separation between two tasks and not having everyone working on top of each other. This can be laid out in the main production schedule but it also comes down the different departments what share the same space, choosing not to work at height with loose hardware while those underneath build the set, for instance.

The Professionalisation of Show Business

The growth of show business, particularly the backstage and technical disciplines, in the last 30 years has led to ever greater professionalism in the industry. In the 70′s, rock concerts were being staged and staffed by mavericks in a toddler industry just finding it’s feet. Today, we have job descriptions, centres of education and professional bodies all geared toward working in a theatre or show as a profession.

All this has led to better training, more skilled staff and a greater awareness of health and safety issues. Several friends of mine are now specifically engaged to manage safety on large sites, as ex-technicians they are the best people to genuinely understand the risks.

It would interesting to know if this will have an impact on actual statistics of safety in our business, one that already has an enviable record. But there are places that still lag behind on the awareness of even the basics of legislation. In my experience, the best parts of the concert and events business lead the way in the application of modern safe working practice on stage, while some theatres continue on with a less formalised approach which seems to work for them (whether they are complying with all their legal obligations, I wouldn’t care to say).

Next time in this two part series, we’re going to look at some specifics of safe working in a theatre environment, particular hazards and how they can be avoided. Hopefully this has given you something to think about in the meantime. There is some useful Q and A style information on health and safety in the Performing Arts here. 

If this has helped you, consider buying me a beer and CLICK HERE to donate a few bucks to On Stage Lighting (why should I donate?). Thanks, - Rob

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To kick off 2010 at On Stage Lighting, we thought it would be nice to point out six things of lighting goodness elsewhere online, maybe new to you. Oh, and to invite you to add your own stage lighting related finds online that you think other OSL readers will find interesting, in the comments section.

Why six? Well, lampies can only work in sixes can’t they?

Theatrical Lighting Database

Funded by the New York Stage Council For the Arts , the lighting database is a great collection of lighting paperwork for a few of Broadway’s legendary shows, designed by the a few of biggest names in lighting design such as Tharon Musser, Richard Nelson and Jules Fisher.

The paperwork in the database includes plans, plots and equipment schedules. The detail in the paperwork of theatrical lighting design, including focus notes and gel calls, is not only a vital part of planning and communication at the time, it also gives us a sense of what went on. Looking through the various sheets can also help anyone learning lighting, particularly theatre lighting, to improve their knowledge of how to present ideas and plan a show, as well as rig design itself. And using tools from an era before there was software to do it for you.

Learning stuff about lighting always includes a certain amount of staring at other peoples plans, well as squinting at the pictures in equipment catalogues. You can find the Theatrical Lighting Database here.

Theatre Freeware Lighting Plan Software

Talking of lighting design software, if you are looking for free software to create simple rig layouts and some lists in .cvs format, Karl Eaton’s Lighting Design freeware is great. It’s so simple to create an “old fashioned” lighting stencil plan, with bars, numbers and basic geometry and you can easily create custom fixture attributes and assign them to a symbol without having to wade through endless libraries and wondering if you have the latest version.

If you need to draw a clear plan, show where fixtures should go and how they should be plugged up and fancy something a bit more sophisticated than my frequently used “Biro and back of a tour schedule” method, this is great. You can’t “Save As” a crumpled paper schedule, for a start.

Spend more time doing lighting and less time learning CAD.

MQ Scroll Wheel for PC

On Stage Lighting is keen on the Cham Sys MagicQ, it’s a good desk, but also because of the free software version that allows a user to learn the concepts of a number of professional lighting consoles, while actually using a cheap USB DMX interface like the Enttec USB Pro as an output device.

The function that has always seemed frustrating, probably as a result of the PC software being a ported version of the console, is the difficulty with which you can manipulate the encoders without hardware – one of the most important bits of moving light programming.

The MQ scroll wheel is free 3rd party application that gives you scroll wheel control over an encoder as you hover over it on screen. It’s simple, just download it and run the .exe while running the Cham Sys software. The resolution of mouse scroll wheels are not always that fine but it does work and actually makes a difference if you haven’t got someMagicQ hardware in front of you. If you like it, don’t forget to donate too.

GAM Split Gel Guide

As a reader of On Stage Lighting, you know that we like to publish articles on different aspects of learning the trade, giving you tips, ideas and information in a unique way. A guide to using split colour (using a multi coloured filter made up of different gel pieces) is just our kinda thing.

But, the On Stage Lighting Guide to Split Gel is not coming any time soon while this baby is out there. The web page from gel maker GAM, tells you pretty much all you need to know on the subject and has some great techniques that you might not have thought of, even if you have experimented with two and four way diagonal splits. It even has comprehensive images of the filters plus the resulting light.

iSquint Flickr Group

iSquint.com is one of America’s fastest growing lighting technology sites. Justin has some great stuff over there, particularly his Rumour Mill column which frequently flags up things going on the kit makers trade. (I also did an interview over there, but wouldn’t dream of calling that a highlight)

Justin created a Flickr group for people to add the sexiest show pictures of lighting designs they have done. On Fridays, iSquint features one of the images as a showcase snippet for the LD. Get along there to see some inspiring images and some cool lighting, even add your own pictures and show them off.

Take a look at the details and visit the group

Lucas Krech’s Blog

You might remember that Lucas wrote a great Introduction To Dance Lighting for On Stage Lighting last year. We loved that piece and appreciated in particular the way that Lucas adapted his writing to fit with our “house style”, I’m sure you found the article useful too.

I’ve been following Lucas’s blog for a while now and he always has interesting things to say on a range of subjects including lighting design, the finances of the freelancer and even his passion, philosophy. He even wrote a piece on why he thought his blog would never become really popular, citing too broad a range of subject matter or writing a scholarly manner.

Recently, Lucas has started publishing some articles that I think will really be of interest to you. He talks through his design process on a recent show, The Sisters Rosenweig and has come up with two great Colour Theory Basics posts on Hue , Saturation and Chroma.

I really recommend you check out his blog, especially with the recent trend in posts on lighting basics. To get a taste al the interesting topics Lucas covered in 2009, take a look at his round up from last year.

You really should read this guy.

OK,  so hope there’s something in that lot for you.  If you have any favourite stage lighting related online discoveries, put them in the comments box and tell us what they are all about.  Happy New Year.

Image based on picture from Jus’ fi on Flickr

If this has helped you, consider buying me a beer and CLICK HERE to donate a few bucks to On Stage Lighting (why should I donate?). Thanks, - Rob

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